The course will cover topics dealing with the distribution of plant species and communities on the earth's surface at different hierarchical levels starting from biomes to arrive at plant associations. The study of plant ecosystems in relation to the climate and the main physical and biotic factors of the study areas. The usefulness of life and growth forms in the analysis of vegetation. Survey methodologies to investigate plant communities and vegetation gradients. The use of flora and vegetation for environmental and landscape planning and design projects, paying attention to the safeguarding of the identity and recognizability of the landscape. Directive 92/43 / EU Habitat. Main causes of biodiversity loss.